{"slug":"composition-core-skill","title":"摄影构图的核心技巧 - 不是三分法，也不是做减法","author":"Thomas看看世界","date":"2016-11-27","wechat":"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzI4NDA5MzE5NQ==&mid=2247484620&idx=1&sn=09e6e4521a4516762a4e5302e6779fa2&chksm=eb81faa8dcf673beb1a31280612235e382dd4a986ccd627a9918bcfbc081690a9e62faf4e335&scene=21#wechat_redirect","blocks":[{"t":"p","x":"曾经的我执迷于黄金分割、引导线、层次法等等五花八门的构图法则长达5年之久。以至于偶然间意识到摄影构图的核心技巧时，我是如此的震惊。","b":false,"xe":"I was once obsessed with the golden ratio, leading lines, layering, and a whole dazzling variety of compositional rules — for five full years. So when I accidentally realized the core skill of photographic composition, I was truly shocked."},{"t":"p","x":"因为构图的核心真的是如此简单。简单到大部分人都知道，却又不以为然的在实际应用时忽视掉它。从而陷入各种构图套路和技法的泥潭之中。","b":false,"xe":"Because the core of composition is genuinely this simple. So simple that most people already know it, yet dismiss it and ignore it in practice — sinking into the quagmire of compositional routines and techniques."},{"t":"h","x":"1","xe":"1"},{"t":"h","x":"摄影构图的核心技巧","xe":"The Core Skill of Photographic Composition"},{"t":"p","x":"昨天托马斯在公共号（thomaskksj）以及微博（@Thomas看看世界），询问了大家常用的构图技巧，从300多份回答中，我把各种技巧名称按提及次数排列如下：","b":false,"xe":"Yesterday Thomas asked everyone on the WeChat official account (thomaskksj) and Weibo (@Thomas看看世界) about their go-to composition techniques. From over 300 answers, here are the techniques ranked by number of mentions:"},{"t":"p","x":"三分法（井字构图、黄金分割）","b":false,"xe":"Rule of thirds (grid composition, golden ratio)"},{"t":"p","x":"居中构图（对称）","b":false,"xe":"Center composition (symmetry)"},{"t":"p","x":"引导线（延长线、汇聚线）","b":false,"xe":"Leading lines (extended lines, converging lines)"},{"t":"p","x":"对角线（X线构图）","b":false,"xe":"Diagonals (X-line composition)"},{"t":"p","x":"画框","b":false,"xe":"Framing"},{"t":"p","x":"减法原则","b":false,"xe":"The subtraction principle"},{"t":"p","x":"对比构图","b":false,"xe":"Contrast composition"},{"t":"p","x":"平衡法则（和谐）","b":false,"xe":"Balance (harmony)"},{"t":"p","x":"层次构图（前中后景）","b":false,"xe":"Layered composition (foreground, middle ground, background)"},{"t":"p","x":"三角形构图","b":false,"xe":"Triangle composition"},{"t":"p","x":"透视（比例）","b":false,"xe":"Perspective (proportion)"},{"t":"p","x":"重复","b":false,"xe":"Repetition"},{"t":"p","x":"。。。","b":false,"xe":"。。。"},{"t":"p","x":"三分法毫无压力的占据了答案的80%以上，其次各种摄影书籍中常常提及的引导线、画框、减法等等也多次出现。","b":false,"xe":"The rule of thirds took over 80% of the answers without breaking a sweat, followed by the leading lines, framing, and subtraction so often mentioned in photography books."},{"t":"p","x":"只有几个回答很有意思：","b":false,"xe":"Only a few answers were truly interesting:"},{"t":"quote","x":"“构图技巧有好多，斜线，井字，对比，三角等，但我觉得拍之前脑子里先预想一下最终的效果最重要。而不是到了现场拿起相机直接各种拍。” “构图技巧最重要的那条是，并且始终是，去掉画面中与主题无关的因素” “我觉得有一句话说得蛮好：突出重点。反复在取景器中转换构图直到你所要表达的重点最突出就是不错的构图。”","xe":"\"There are many composition techniques — diagonal, grid, contrast, triangle — but I think picturing the final result in your mind before shooting matters most, rather than arriving on location and just firing away.\" \"The most important composition rule is, and always has been, removing elements unrelated to the theme.\" \"I think one saying puts it well: emphasize the key point. Keep shifting your composition in the viewfinder until what you want to express stands out most — that's good composition.\""},{"t":"p","x":"摄影构图的核心技巧真的很简单，简单到大部分人都早已知道却选择忽视的地步：","b":false,"xe":"The core skill of photographic composition is really simple — so simple that most people have known it all along yet chosen to ignore it:"},{"t":"h","x":"摄影构图的核心技巧就是先思考并确认照片的主体，或者是要表达的主题。","xe":"The core skill of photographic composition is to first think through and confirm the photo's subject, or the theme you want to express."},{"t":"p","x":"真的，很多人甚至看到上面这句话的时候任然会不以为然。但当我换一种说法的时候，包括托马斯自己在内都会不觉大吃一惊，后背流汗：","b":false,"xe":"Really — many people will still shrug at that sentence. But when I put it another way, everyone, including Thomas himself, can't help being shocked, cold sweat on their backs:"},{"t":"p","x":"大多数人构图失败的原因，不是因为不懂三分法、对称法，而是因为他们从来没有思考过照片的主体、表达的主题是什么。只是凭感觉，碰运气，或者简单的套上各种条条框框的构图技巧来构图。","b":true,"xe":"The reason most people's compositions fail is not that they don't know the rule of thirds or symmetry — it's that they have never thought about what the photo's subject or theme is. They compose by feel, by luck, or by simply applying rigid compositional formulas."},{"t":"p","x":"“感觉可以”","b":false,"xe":"\"Feels okay\""},{"t":"p","x":"“好像很美”","b":false,"xe":"\"Looks kind of beautiful\""},{"t":"p","x":"“似乎符合黄金分割，不错！”","b":false,"xe":"\"Seems to fit the golden ratio — nice!\""},{"t":"p","x":"。。。","b":false,"xe":"。。。"},{"t":"p","x":"托马斯自己也常常在这样的不知不觉中按下了快门，根本没有想过自己要突出的主体是什么，能表达的主题是什么，最后想得到的效果是什么。","b":false,"xe":"Thomas himself has often pressed the shutter in exactly this kind of autopilot state, never having thought about what subject he wanted to emphasize, what theme he could express, or what final effect he wanted."},{"t":"p","x":"（如果你融会贯通一下，甚至可以发现另外一个惊人的事实：大多数人后期不好的原因，不是因为不会Lightroom、PS、美图秀秀，而是因为他们从来没有思考过照片最后要调成什么样子！）","b":false,"xe":"(If you think it through, you may discover another startling fact: the reason most people edit poorly is not that they can't use Lightroom, Photoshop, or Meitu — it's that they never think about what the photo should look like in the end!)"},{"t":"p","x":"明白的摄影构图的核心原则，我们还可以发现很多流传很广，但并不严谨的说法。","b":false,"xe":"Once we understand composition's core principle, we can also spot many popular but imprecise claims."},{"t":"p","x":"错误说法1：摄影是一个做减法的艺术。","b":false,"xe":"Wrong claim 1: Photography is an art of subtraction."},{"t":"p","x":"修正：摄影既是减法，又是加法。其核心就在于我们要突出的主体和要表达的主题是什么。会干扰主体、不符合主题的元素，我们要把他们从画面中减掉。能衬托主体、有利于主题表达的元素，我们反而要把他们加到画面之中。","b":true,"xe":"Correction: photography is both subtraction and addition. The core lies in what subject we want to emphasize and what theme we want to express. Elements that interfere with the subject or don't fit the theme — we subtract them from the frame. Elements that set off the subject and help express the theme — we add them to the frame."},{"t":"p","x":"错误说法2：不要把拍摄的物体放在相机画面正中央，而是要放在照片的三分之一处。","b":false,"xe":"Wrong claim 2: Don't place the subject in the exact center of the frame; place it at a third of the frame."},{"t":"p","x":"修正：到底使用哪种几何构图形式，关键还是看我们的主体和主题。三分构图法（井字构图、黄金分割构图）适用于比较自然、轻松的场景。而中央构图法，适用于主体过大、严肃庄重、天然对称等场景。","b":false,"xe":"Correction: which geometric composition to use still depends on our subject and theme. Thirds composition (grid, golden ratio) suits natural, relaxed scenes. Central composition suits scenes where the subject is oversized, solemn, or naturally symmetrical."},{"t":"p","x":"重要的事情再强调一次：大多数人构图失败的原因，不是因为不懂三分法、对称法，而是因为他们从来没有思考过照片的主体、表达的主题是什么！","b":false,"xe":"Once more, because it matters: the reason most people's compositions fail is not that they don't know the rule of thirds or symmetry — it's that they have never thought about what the photo's subject or theme is!"},{"t":"h","x":"2","xe":"2"},{"t":"h","x":"摄影既是减法，又是加法","xe":"Photography Is Both Subtraction and Addition"},{"t":"p","x":"一旦我们理解了，摄影构图的核心是确认主体和主题，我们自然而然的就明白了照片中该加上什么，该减去什么：","b":false,"xe":"Once we understand that the core of composition is confirming subject and theme, we naturally know what to add to a photo and what to subtract:"},{"t":"p","x":"有助于突出主体，表达主题的元素，我们可以加到画面中。","b":false,"xe":"Elements that help emphasize the subject and express the theme — we add them to the frame."},{"t":"p","x":"和主体、主题无关，甚至会干扰到他们的，我们要从画面中减去。","b":false,"xe":"Elements unrelated to the subject and theme, or that interfere with them — we subtract from the frame."},{"t":"p","x":"同样一个场景，我们只要变换一下主体或者主题，我们在构图上也需要做出改变。","b":false,"xe":"For the very same scene, as soon as we change the subject or the theme, our composition must change accordingly."},{"t":"p","x":"比如下面这个场景：","b":false,"xe":"Take the scene below, for example:"},{"t":"img","f":"img-02","w":1000,"h":621},{"t":"p","x":"如果我们的主体是雪山，主题是想表达世界第三高峰-干城章嘉峰的雄壮威严。那么上一幅图无疑构图元素取得太多了，前景的草地不仅没有衬托出雪山的壮丽，反而占据了大量构图空间，让雪山显得很小。","b":false,"xe":"If our subject is the snow mountain and the theme is the majestic grandeur of Kangchenjunga, the world's third-highest peak, then the previous image clearly took in too many compositional elements: the grassy foreground not only fails to set off the mountain's grandeur but occupies a large share of the frame, making the mountain look small."},{"t":"p","x":"因此需要做减法，减去无关的前景草地和中景云海，把构图改成下面这样。","b":false,"xe":"So subtraction is needed — remove the irrelevant foreground grass and the mid-ground sea of clouds, and change the composition to what's shown below."},{"t":"img","f":"img-03","w":1000,"h":609},{"t":"p","x":"那么要不要继续做减法，人也不要了，只给雪山一个特写呢？","b":false,"xe":"Then should we keep subtracting — drop the person too, and give the mountain a tight close-up?"},{"t":"p","x":"像下图这样，雪山占据了画面的更多空间，但反而觉得没有上图壮阔了。这是因为我们把能和雪山呼应的，衬托出雪山宏大的人物也给减掉了。","b":false,"xe":"As in the image below, the mountain occupies more of the frame, yet it somehow feels less magnificent than the previous one. That's because we also subtracted the person who echoes the mountain and sets off its enormity."},{"t":"img","f":"img-04","w":1000,"h":637},{"t":"p","x":"所以摄影中的减法，并不是简单的把除了主体外的东西都统统去掉。我们只需要去掉不能衬托主体、表达主题的元素。而和主体、主题相关的元素，我们要保留在画面中，决不能简单的减去。","b":true,"xe":"So subtraction in photography is not simply removing everything except the subject. We only remove elements that fail to set off the subject or express the theme. Elements related to subject and theme must stay in the frame — they must never be carelessly subtracted."},{"t":"p","x":"上面的构图，我的主题是想突出世界第三高峰的雄壮，所以需要做减法。","b":false,"xe":"In the composition above, my theme was to highlight the grandeur of the world's third-highest peak, so subtraction was needed."},{"t":"p","x":"但是如果我改变一下主题，照片的主题是想表达当时的宏伟风光。那么我不仅不需要做减法，反而需要做加法，用全景构图的方式，把更多的元素给加进来。","b":false,"xe":"But if I change the theme — say, to express the magnificent scenery of that moment — then not only do I not need subtraction, I need addition: using a panoramic composition to bring more elements in."},{"t":"p","x":"下面的构图中，雪山显得更小了，但是不要紧。因为我不是想突出雪山的宏伟，而是需要表现整个日落场景的壮阔。所以草地、人、雪山、云海以及太阳，我都不放过，全部放进了构图中。","b":false,"xe":"In the composition below, the mountain looks smaller — but that's fine. I'm not trying to highlight the mountain's grandeur; I want to convey the vastness of the entire sunset scene. So the grass, the person, the mountain, the sea of clouds, and the sun — I spared none of them; all went into the composition."},{"t":"p","x":"同样要注意的是，加法也不是毫无规则，什么都可以加进来的。只有能表达自然壮美的元素，比如云海、夕阳等等我才能加上去。如果有特别破坏气氛的元素，比如电线杆、发射塔等等，我们是决不能把它们给取进画面的。","b":false,"xe":"Also note: addition is not ruleless — not everything can be added. Only elements that express nature's grandeur, such as the sea of clouds and the setting sun, may be added. Elements that badly break the mood — power poles, transmission towers — must never be allowed into the frame."},{"t":"img","f":"img-05","w":1000,"h":439},{"t":"p","x":"通过上面的例子，我们还能总结出一个道理。","b":false,"xe":"From the examples above we can draw one more lesson:"},{"t":"h","x":"没有最好的构图，只有最适合你的主体和主题的构图。","xe":"There is no best composition — only the composition that best suits your subject and theme."},{"t":"p","x":"同一个场景，你想突出的主体，或者表达的主题不一样，那么构图也应该相应调整。","b":false,"xe":"For the same scene, if the subject you want to emphasize or the theme you want to express differs, the composition should adjust accordingly."},{"t":"img","f":"img-06","w":1000,"h":666},{"t":"img","f":"img-07","w":1000,"h":644},{"t":"h","x":"3","xe":"3"},{"t":"h","x":"举一反三，融会贯通","xe":"Draw Inferences and Integrate"},{"t":"quote","x":"多年来，在对数千名纽约摄影学院学员的教学中，我们体会到所谓的构图法 则，只能使学生困惑不解。照片的成败与这些法则关系不大。而所有摄影家一致认可的唯一规则却是“一切法则都注定要被突破”! -  《纽约摄影学院教材》","xe":"Over many years of teaching thousands of New York Institute of Photography students, we found that so-called rules of composition only confuse students. A photo's success has little to do with these rules. The only rule all photographers agree on is that \"all rules are made to be broken\"! — New York Institute of Photography course"},{"t":"p","x":"一切的构图法则，三分法、引导线、居中对称等等，甚至“一切法则都注定要被突破”这句话，都是为了照片的主体和主题服务的。","b":true,"xe":"All compositional rules — thirds, leading lines, central symmetry, and so on — and even the saying \"all rules are made to be broken\", exist in service of the photo's subject and theme."},{"t":"p","x":"一旦我们理解了，摄影构图的核心是确认主体和主题，我们自然而然的就明白了什么时候该用三分法，什么时候该用居中法，什么时候又需要另辟蹊径。","b":false,"xe":"Once we understand that the core of composition is confirming subject and theme, we naturally understand when to use thirds, when to use central composition, and when to blaze a new trail."},{"t":"p","x":"比如三分法（把物体放在照片的三分之一处，而不是正中间）是大家最熟悉的构图技巧。三分法最好用的原因是主体放正中间会比较严肃死板，主体放在过于靠边的位置又不容易让画面平衡，而三分之一附近的位置一般恰到好处。","b":false,"xe":"Take the rule of thirds (placing the subject at a third of the frame rather than dead center) — the most familiar technique of all. It works so well because a dead-center subject feels stiff and solemn, while a subject placed too far toward the edge easily unbalances the frame — and a spot near the thirds is usually just right."},{"t":"img","f":"img-08","w":1000,"h":682},{"t":"p","x":"三分法是为主体服务的，它可以让主体不太死板的同时保证画面的平衡。理解了这点，你也许可以想象到有的情况，三分法是反而不如居中对称构图的。","b":false,"xe":"Thirds serves the subject: it keeps the subject from feeling too rigid while preserving the frame's balance. Understanding this, you can imagine situations where thirds is actually inferior to centered symmetry."},{"t":"p","x":"第一种情况是主体和主题本来就比较严肃、正经，比如教堂、皇宫、会议，那么中心对称的构图方法就更加适合了。（你也可以思考一下，为什么旅行人像大部分不会把人物放中间，而证件照、职业照却几乎把人放在正中？）","b":false,"xe":"The first case: when subject and theme are inherently serious and formal — churches, palaces, ceremonies — centered symmetrical composition is more fitting. (You might also ponder why travel portraits rarely place the person in the center, while ID and professional headshots almost always do.)"},{"t":"img","f":"img-09","w":1000,"h":666},{"t":"p","x":"第二种情况，是主体本身比较大，即使放在三分之一的位置也会让画面失去平衡。","b":false,"xe":"The second case: when the subject itself is large — placing it at a third would unbalance the frame."},{"t":"img","f":"img-10","w":1000,"h":664},{"t":"p","x":"主体占据大片画面，又没有其他物体来平衡画面，就只能把主体放在中间附近的位置了。","b":false,"xe":"When the subject fills a large part of the frame and no other object can balance it, the only choice is placing the subject near the center."},{"t":"img","f":"img-11","w":1000,"h":668},{"t":"p","x":"还有一种情况是主体天然对称，比如倒影。这时用对称构图来表达也是更加合适。","b":false,"xe":"There's also the case of a naturally symmetrical subject, such as a reflection. Then symmetrical composition is the more fitting expression."},{"t":"img","f":"img-12","w":1000,"h":645},{"t":"p","x":"不光是三分法和居中对称，引导线、框构图、层次构图等等，都是为了主体和主题服务的。抓住主体和主题这个中心，我们可以举一反三的理解和应用各种构图技法。","b":false,"xe":"And it's not just thirds and central symmetry — leading lines, frame composition, layered composition, and the rest all serve subject and theme. Holding onto subject and theme as the center, we can understand and apply every compositional technique by analogy."},{"t":"img","f":"img-13","w":1000,"h":664},{"t":"p","x":"理解了无论哪种构图法则，都是为了主体和主题服务的。那么我们就可以根据主体的特点，分析出哪种构图法则更加适合，甚至打破常规，另辟蹊径。","b":true,"xe":"Once you understand that every compositional rule serves subject and theme, you can analyze which rule best fits your subject's characteristics — or even break convention and blaze a new trail."},{"t":"h","x":"总结","xe":"Summary"},{"t":"p","x":"1. 大多数人构图失败的原因，不是因为不懂三分法、对称法，而是因为他们从来没有思考过照片的主体、表达的主题是什么。只是凭感觉，碰运气，或者简单的套上各种条条框框的构图技巧来构图。","b":true,"xe":"1. The reason most people's compositions fail is not that they don't know the rule of thirds or symmetry — it's that they have never thought about what the photo's subject or theme is. They compose by feel, by luck, or by applying rigid formulas."},{"t":"p","x":"2. 摄影既是减法，又是加法。其核心就在于我们要突出的主体和要表达的主题是什么。会干扰主体、不符合主题的元素，我们要把他们从画面中减掉。能衬托主体、有利于主题表达的元素，我们反而要把他们加到画面之中。","b":true,"xe":"2. Photography is both subtraction and addition. The core lies in what subject we want to emphasize and what theme we want to express. Elements that interfere with the subject or don't fit the theme — subtract them. Elements that set off the subject and help express the theme — add them."},{"t":"p","x":"3. 一切的构图法则，三分法、引导线、居中对称等等，甚至“一切法则都注定要被突破”这句话，都是为了照片的主体和主题服务的。","b":true,"xe":"3. All compositional rules — thirds, leading lines, central symmetry, and so on — and even the saying \"all rules are made to be broken\", exist in service of the photo's subject and theme."},{"t":"h","x":"抓住照片的主体和主题，融会贯通，举一反三，你会发现摄影构图真的很简单！","xe":"Hold onto the photo's subject and theme, integrate and draw inferences, and you'll find photographic composition is really quite simple!"},{"t":"p","x":"欢迎关注@Thomas看看世界，","b":false,"xe":"Follow @Thomas Chu Photo,"},{"t":"p","x":"每个周日，学会一个摄影技能。","b":false,"xe":"and learn one photography skill every Sunday."},{"t":"img","f":"img-14","w":640,"h":313},{"t":"p","x":"如果您觉得文章有用，就把它分享给更多的小伙伴吧。","b":false,"xe":"If you found this article useful, please share it with more friends."}],"titleEn":"The Core Skill of Composition: Not the Rule of Thirds, Not Subtraction"}