{"slug":"photo-file-formats","title":"照片该存成什么格式？一文讲解DNG、TIFF、PSD等区别和用法","author":"Thomas看看世界","date":"2019-05-19","wechat":"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzI4NDA5MzE5NQ==&mid=2247488955&idx=1&sn=792f3e5f8f8ee942c00bc2df2c2bbbc7&chksm=eb81ebdfdcf662c93b121c79c18b8a0d7bcb3523de1cd0d0f741a4edd3be95a319f67b8d65bc&scene=21#wechat_redirect","blocks":[{"t":"h","x":"Thomas看看世界","xe":"Thomas Chu Photo"},{"t":"p","x":"在我们的电脑中，图片可以储存为很多格式，摄影师常见的包括nef、tiff、dng、psd、jpg等等。","b":false,"xe":"On our computers, images can be stored in many formats — the ones photographers commonly encounter include NEF, TIFF, DNG, PSD, JPG, and more."},{"t":"p","x":"这些文件格式有什么区别，又应该在哪些情况下使用呢？本文托马斯会做一个总结。","b":false,"xe":"What's the difference between these formats, and when should each be used? Thomas summarizes it all in this article."},{"t":"h","x":"1. 原厂Raw格式","xe":"1. Native Raw Formats"},{"t":"p","x":"原厂Raw文件，直接记录了相机芯片上的数字信号，因此也被称为\"数字底片\"。","b":false,"xe":"Native raw files record the digital signal straight off the camera's sensor, which is why they're also called \"digital negatives.\""},{"t":"p","x":"Raw文件保留了相机拍摄的所有信息，使用了芯片上原始的色彩空间，因此画质极高，后期空间极大，摄影师在拍摄时，基本都会选用Raw格式来保存。","b":false,"xe":"Raw files preserve everything the camera captured, in the sensor's native color space — extremely high quality with enormous editing latitude. Photographers almost always shoot in raw."},{"t":"img","f":"img-02","w":1080,"h":529},{"t":"p","x":"但是Raw文件也有不好的地方，就是兼容性差。大部分Raw文件，都不能被主流电脑软件直接读取。","b":false,"xe":"But raw files have a downside: poor compatibility. Most raw files can't be opened directly by mainstream computer software."},{"t":"p","x":"只有各大相机厂家自己的图片软件，或者Adobe Camera Raw这样的处理程序，才能打开原厂Raw格式文件。而且每当新出了相机，老版本的图片处理软件都需要进行更新，否则是打不开新相机的Raw文件的。","b":false,"xe":"Only each camera maker's own software, or processors like Adobe Camera Raw, can open native raw files. And whenever a new camera comes out, older software needs an update before it can open that camera's raw files."},{"t":"p","x":"值得一提的是，Photoshop软件并不能直接读取Raw文件，首先需要PS或Lightroom内置的Camera Raw程序，对Raw文件进行解读转换后，才能进行编辑。","b":false,"xe":"It's worth noting that Photoshop itself can't read raw files directly — they must first be interpreted and converted by the Camera Raw processor built into PS or Lightroom."},{"t":"p","x":"而各大厂商的Raw文件，其后缀也有所不同，常见的有：","b":false,"xe":"Each maker's raw files use different extensions. The common ones:"},{"t":"p","x":".ARW：主流索尼相机Raw文件后缀","b":false,"xe":".ARW: raw extension for mainstream Sony cameras"},{"t":"p","x":".NEF：主流尼康相机Raw文件后缀","b":false,"xe":".NEF: raw extension for mainstream Nikon cameras"},{"t":"p","x":".CR2: 主流佳能相机Raw文件后缀","b":false,"xe":".CR2: raw extension for mainstream Canon cameras"},{"t":"p","x":".DNG：主流大疆无人机、华为手机Raw文件后缀","b":false,"xe":".DNG: raw extension for mainstream DJI drones and Huawei phones"},{"t":"h","x":"2. 通用Raw格式：DNG","xe":"2. The Universal Raw Format: DNG"},{"t":"p","x":"前面提到过，各大厂家都有自己的Raw格式，兼容性很差，长此以往很难维护。","b":false,"xe":"As mentioned, every maker has its own raw format with terrible compatibility — hard to maintain over time."},{"t":"p","x":"因此Adobe公司开发出了DNG（Digital Negative）格式，用于无损、通用的储存Raw文件。","b":false,"xe":"So Adobe developed DNG (Digital Negative), a format for storing raw files losslessly and universally."},{"t":"p","x":"如果经常用Camera Raw或Lightroom做HDR合并、全景接片的朋友可能会发现，软件把原厂Raw文件进行合成后，生成的合并数字底片，都是dng的后缀。","b":false,"xe":"If you often do HDR merges or panorama stitches in Camera Raw or Lightroom, you may have noticed that the merged digital negatives the software produces always carry a .dng extension."},{"t":"img","f":"img-03","w":1080,"h":371},{"t":"p","x":"DNG最大的优势就是通用，不光Adobe的软件可以打开，windows、apple、android系统的内置浏览软件，以及很多电脑、手机上的第三方软件，都可以预览这种格式。","b":false,"xe":"DNG's greatest strength is universality: not only Adobe software, but also the built-in viewers of Windows, Apple, and Android, plus many third-party apps on computers and phones, can preview the format."},{"t":"p","x":"甚至很多相机、无人机、手机厂商，机内直出的就是DNG格式文件。","b":false,"xe":"Many camera, drone, and phone makers even output DNG files straight from the device."},{"t":"img","f":"img-04","w":422,"h":184},{"t":"p","x":"在上图所示的Windows系统中，dng格式的Raw文件可以直接看到预览。而索尼原厂的arw后缀raw文件则无法显示。因此dng格式的原片，更方便进行管理和维护。","b":false,"xe":"As shown in the Windows screenshot above, DNG raw files display previews directly, while Sony's native .arw files don't. Originals in DNG are simply easier to manage and maintain."},{"t":"img","f":"img-05","w":921,"h":760},{"t":"p","x":"与此同时，DNG格式会对文件进行一些无损压缩，因此体积更小，有时甚至不到原厂Raw文件的50%。","b":false,"xe":"DNG also applies lossless compression, so files are smaller — sometimes less than 50% of the native raw file."},{"t":"img","f":"img-06","w":383,"h":181},{"t":"p","x":"因为DNG的无损性、通用性和更小体积，因此有的摄影师会在导入照片时，统一把原厂格式如NEF等，转换为DNG后缀的Raw格式，以便更好的储存和管理。","b":false,"xe":"Because DNG is lossless, universal, and compact, some photographers convert native formats like NEF to DNG on import for better storage and management."},{"t":"p","x":"当然对于大部分摄影师和爱好者而言，并不需要多此一举，保留原厂Raw文件已经足够。","b":false,"xe":"For most photographers and enthusiasts, of course, that extra step is unnecessary — keeping the native raw files is enough."},{"t":"p","x":"还有一个值得一提的区别，就是原厂Raw文件是无法修改的。如果你在Camera Raw中对原厂Raw文件进行了修改，这些修改并不是储存在了Raw文件中，而是生成了一个.xmp的新文件，来保存这些更改。而Lightroom，则用catalog（目录）来保存这些更改。","b":false,"xe":"One more difference worth mentioning: native raw files can't be modified. When you edit a native raw in Camera Raw, the changes aren't stored in the raw file — a new .xmp sidecar file is created to hold them. Lightroom, meanwhile, stores them in its catalog."},{"t":"img","f":"img-07","w":273,"h":150},{"t":"p","x":"DNG文件则不然，如果我们对DNG文件进行了修改，这些修改可以直接写入DNG文件本身，并不需要新生成文件。而且这些写入是无损的，随时可以一键复原成原始状态。","b":false,"xe":"DNG is different: edits can be written directly into the DNG file itself without generating a new file. And these writes are lossless — you can revert to the original state with one click at any time."},{"t":"img","f":"img-08","w":770,"h":595},{"t":"h","x":"3. 编辑文件：PSD 与 TIFF","xe":"3. Editing Files: PSD and TIFF"},{"t":"p","x":"PSD是Photoshop Document的缩写，简而言之，就是Photoshop原生的文件储存格式，用于保存Photoshop修改后的文件。","b":false,"xe":"PSD stands for Photoshop Document — in short, Photoshop's native storage format for edited files."},{"t":"p","x":"PSD文件可以储存修改后的照片信息，甚至图层、alpha通道、蒙版等非常具体的调整步骤。如果一张照片在处理后，我们以后可能要再次对它需要修改，我们都可以以PSD的形式储存起来。","b":false,"xe":"A PSD can store the edited photo along with layers, alpha channels, masks, and other very specific adjustment states. If we might need to revise a photo later, we save it as a PSD."},{"t":"p","x":"PSD有一个小的缺点，就是文件大小不能超过2GB。","b":false,"xe":"One small drawback of PSD: file size is capped at 2GB."},{"t":"p","x":"对于图层、通道很多的后期精修，文件经常会超过2GB，此时我们可以使用PSB（大型Photoshop文件）的格式来进行储存。","b":false,"xe":"Intensive retouching with many layers and channels often exceeds 2GB; in that case we use PSB (Large Photoshop Document) instead."},{"t":"img","f":"img-09","w":547,"h":224},{"t":"p","x":"PSD文件还有一个缺点，就是只有Adobe公司的相关软件，才能直接打开和编辑。","b":false,"xe":"Another drawback of PSD: only Adobe software can open and edit it directly."},{"t":"p","x":"如果我们要用一些第三方软件对照片进一步编辑，比如用PTGUI来全景接片，用Helicon Focus来景深合成，用Startrails来合成星轨。","b":false,"xe":"Suppose we want to process the photo further in third-party software — stitching panoramas in PTGui, focus stacking in Helicon Focus, or blending star trails in Startrails."},{"t":"p","x":"这些第三方图片编辑软件，无法直接打开PSD格式和Raw格式文件。如果保存成JPG，再用软件打开，则画质损失太大。此时TIFF格式就派上用场了。","b":false,"xe":"Those third-party editors can't open PSD or raw files directly, and saving as JPG first costs too much quality. That's where TIFF comes in."},{"t":"p","x":"标签图像文件格式（Tagged Image File Format，简写为TIFF）是一种灵活通用的图像格式。","b":false,"xe":"TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) is a flexible, universal image format."},{"t":"p","x":"这种格式可以支持RGB、CMYK等多种色彩模式，adobeRGB、proPhoto RGB等多种色彩空间，8位、16位、32位等各种色彩深度，甚至也能保留图层和alpha通道。更重要的是，大部分的第三方软件、打印机，都能支持TIFF格式。","b":false,"xe":"It supports color modes like RGB and CMYK; color spaces like Adobe RGB and ProPhoto RGB; bit depths of 8, 16, and 32 bits; and it can even preserve layers and alpha channels. Most importantly, the vast majority of third-party software and printers support TIFF."},{"t":"p","x":"TIFF格式支持LZW无损压缩和ZIP无损压缩，可以极大的压缩其大小，一般来说压缩后大小与PSD差不多甚至更小。","b":false,"xe":"TIFF supports LZW and ZIP lossless compression, shrinking files dramatically — typically to about the same size as a PSD, or smaller."},{"t":"img","f":"img-10","w":718,"h":388},{"t":"p","x":"因此很多摄影师，也喜欢用TIFF，而不是PSD来保存编辑的图片文件。","b":false,"xe":"That's why many photographers prefer TIFF over PSD for saving edited images."},{"t":"p","x":"从托马斯个人角度而言，保存成TIFF和PSD几乎没有大的差别。","b":false,"xe":"From Thomas's personal perspective, saving as TIFF or PSD makes little practical difference."},{"t":"p","x":"如果几乎不用其他图片编辑软件，那么保存成PSD/PSB文件最方便。如果经常用其他修图软件编辑，则推荐使用TIFF格式来储存编辑后的文件。","b":false,"xe":"If you rarely use other editing software, PSD/PSB is the most convenient. If you often edit in other apps, TIFF is the recommended choice for edited files."},{"t":"h","x":"4. 输出文件：TIFF与JPG","xe":"4. Output Files: TIFF and JPG"},{"t":"p","x":"上面提到了，TIFF文件不仅被各大修图软件支持，还被印刷工业广泛支持。","b":false,"xe":"As mentioned, TIFF is supported not only by all major editing software but also widely by the printing industry."},{"t":"p","x":"因此如果是要进行高品质打印输出，或者在专业显示器上进行欣赏，一般我们都会把文件输出为 16位 adobeRGB 的TIFF格式。","b":false,"xe":"So for high-quality prints or viewing on a professional display, we generally output files as 16-bit Adobe RGB TIFF."},{"t":"img","f":"img-11","w":696,"h":341},{"t":"p","x":"对于输出打印的TIFF，我们在保存时可以勾上“扔掉图层并储存拷贝”的选项。这样可以大大缩小文件的大小，常常从几个GB降到百来MB。","b":false,"xe":"For print-bound TIFFs, check \"Discard Layers and Save a Copy\" when saving — this shrinks the file enormously, often from several GB down to a hundred-odd MB."},{"t":"p","x":"其实对于大部分摄影爱好者而言，我们都很少再次对PSD或者TIFF文件反复修改，因此在最终储存和备份时，我们都可以使用扔掉图层的TIFF格式。","b":false,"xe":"In fact, most photography enthusiasts rarely revisit and re-edit their PSD or TIFF files, so flattened TIFFs work fine for final storage and backup too."},{"t":"p","x":"虽然TIFF格式在图像工业、印刷工业中被广泛支持。但对于分享照片而言，主流的操作系统、浏览器以及网站，还是不支持TIFF格式的。","b":false,"xe":"Although TIFF is widely supported in the imaging and printing industries, mainstream operating systems, browsers, and websites still don't support it for photo sharing."},{"t":"p","x":"因此如果要把照片发给别人，或者在网上分享，最佳的格式仍然是JPEG。","b":false,"xe":"So for sending photos to others or sharing online, JPEG remains the best format."},{"t":"p","x":"JPEG是一种有损压缩格式，只支持8位的色彩深度，一般大小只有几MB甚至几百KB。不过JPEG的画质，对于网络分享已经足够了。","b":false,"xe":"JPEG is a lossy format that supports only 8-bit depth, typically a few MB or even a few hundred KB in size — but its quality is entirely adequate for sharing online."},{"t":"p","x":"因此一般修完的照片，我都会保存一份原始尺寸的TIFF文件，用于欣赏、打印和继续修改；保存一份压缩尺寸（如长边1600像素）的JPEG文件，用于网络分享。","b":false,"xe":"So my usual practice: after finishing an edit, I save one full-resolution TIFF for viewing, printing, and further editing, plus one resized JPEG (e.g. 1600px on the long edge) for online sharing."},{"t":"img","f":"img-12","w":1067,"h":1600},{"t":"h","x":"5. 总结","xe":"5. Summary"},{"t":"p","x":"总而言之，各大文件格式的用法，可以总结如下：","b":false,"xe":"In short, here's how to use each format:"},{"t":"p","x":"相机拍摄记录：原厂Raw格式","b":false,"xe":"In-camera capture: native raw format"},{"t":"p","x":"照片原片备份、储存：原厂Raw格式或DNG格式","b":false,"xe":"Backing up and storing originals: native raw or DNG"},{"t":"p","x":"照片编辑后储存：PSD/PSB或TIFF格式","b":false,"xe":"Storing edited photos: PSD/PSB or TIFF"},{"t":"p","x":"打印输出：TIFF格式","b":false,"xe":"Print output: TIFF"},{"t":"p","x":"网络分享：JPG格式","b":false,"xe":"Online sharing: JPG"},{"t":"h","x":"欢迎关注托马斯的旅行与摄影攻略","xe":"Follow Thomas for more travel and photography tips"}],"titleEn":"What Format Should You Save Photos In? DNG, TIFF, PSD and More Explained"}