{"slug":"ps-layers-masks-foundation","title":"PS的基石 － 图层与蒙板","author":"Thomas看看世界","date":"2016-08-21","wechat":"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzI4NDA5MzE5NQ==&mid=2247484219&idx=1&sn=8c988f395d6ea4f2ffff1849baa27cca&scene=21#wechat_redirect","blocks":[{"t":"p","x":"Photoshop最基础核心的两大工具，就是图层和蒙版了。这周的摄影教程，托马斯就会谈谈图层和蒙板的基础知识，以及调整图层、元素图层以及效果图层在摄影后期中的实际运用。","b":false,"xe":"The two most fundamental, core tools in Photoshop are layers and masks. In this week's tutorial, Thomas covers the basics of layers and masks, and the practical use of adjustment layers, element layers, and effect layers in photo post-processing."},{"t":"p","x":"知识点：图层、背景图层、调整图层、不透明度、蒙板","b":false,"xe":"Topics: layers, background layer, adjustment layers, opacity, masks"},{"t":"p","x":"阅读人群：初学者及以上","b":false,"xe":"Audience: beginners and above"},{"t":"img","f":"img-02","w":640,"h":425},{"t":"h","x":"1. 图层与蒙板基础","xe":"1. Layer and Mask Basics"},{"t":"p","x":"一个个的图层类似于一张张的透明塑料片。当我们把所有图层堆叠在一起的时候，上面图层透明的地方会显示出下面的图像，上面图层不透明的地方会遮盖住下面的图像。","b":false,"xe":"Individual layers are like sheets of transparent plastic. When we stack all the layers together, the transparent parts of an upper layer reveal the image below, while its opaque parts cover the image below."},{"t":"p","x":"如果下面图层是一个海边的风景，上面的图层是一条画在透明背景上的鱼，两张图层叠加在一起，最后效果就是一条鱼在海里游的场景。（图层的顺序是很重要的，如果海景图层在上，鱼图层在下，则完全不透明的海景图层会全部遮盖鱼图层，最终效果里就不会出现鱼了。）","b":false,"xe":"If the lower layer is a seaside scene and the upper layer is a fish drawn on a transparent background, stacking them produces a fish swimming in the sea. (Layer order matters: with the sea layer on top and the fish below, the fully opaque sea layer would completely cover the fish — no fish in the final image.)"},{"t":"img","f":"img-03","w":640,"h":415},{"t":"p","x":"图层在Photoshop占有最核心的地位。在菜单栏中，专门有一项“图层”菜单，可以进行新建、编辑、建组等等各种图层操作。同时，Photoshop工作区的右下角还有醒目的“图层”面板，显示了当前文件中的所有图层状态。","b":false,"xe":"Layers hold the most central position in Photoshop. The menu bar has a dedicated \"Layer\" menu for creating, editing, grouping, and every other layer operation, and the bottom-right of the workspace has the prominent Layers panel showing the state of every layer in the current file."},{"t":"img","f":"img-04","w":640,"h":416},{"t":"p","x":"一般来说，当我们直接在PS中打开一张raw文件或者JPEG文件，照片会自动建立在“背景”图层中。背景图层自动被锁定在最底层，不能进行顺序更改，调整不透明度，改变混合模式等大部分图层操作。","b":false,"xe":"Generally, when we open a raw or JPEG file directly in PS, the photo is placed on a locked \"Background\" layer — pinned to the bottom, unable to be reordered, given an opacity, or changed in blend mode like most layer operations."},{"t":"p","x":"我们可以将背景图层转换成普通图层让它不再受到限制，方法是在图层面板中双击背景图层，打开新图层对话框后点击确定。","b":false,"xe":"We can convert the background layer into a normal layer to lift these restrictions: double-click the background layer in the Layers panel and confirm in the New Layer dialog."},{"t":"img","f":"img-05","w":530,"h":640},{"t":"p","x":"图层的意义就在于其非破坏性编辑带来的可调整性。最终成像是由各个图层叠加而成的，每个图层只负责一部分物体。我们要调整照片的一部分，只需要调整相应的图层即可。","b":false,"xe":"The point of layers is the adjustability that non-destructive editing brings. The final image is a composite of layers, each responsible for part of the content; to adjust one part of the photo, we only need to adjust the corresponding layer."},{"t":"p","x":"比如我们要在海景背景上画一条鱼，如果直接画在背景图层上，鱼的像素就直接覆盖掉了所在的背景图层上的像素。之后如果我想去掉这条鱼，或者对鱼单独进行编辑就不可能了。","b":false,"xe":"Say we want to paint a fish over our seascape background: painting directly on the background layer overwrites the background pixels. Removing the fish later — or editing it alone — becomes impossible."},{"t":"img","f":"img-06","w":640,"h":319},{"t":"p","x":"一种更模块化的方法就是新建空白图层。","b":false,"xe":"A more modular approach is creating a new blank layer,"},{"t":"img","f":"img-07","w":421,"h":640},{"t":"p","x":"然后在新的图层上画这条鱼。由于鱼画在了新的图层上，原来背景图层的像素并没有被破坏，我们之后可以对两个图层分别进行调整而不影响到另外的图层。","b":false,"xe":"and painting the fish on the new layer. Since the fish lives on its own layer, the original background pixels are intact, and we can adjust the two layers independently."},{"t":"img","f":"img-08","w":640,"h":290},{"t":"p","x":"比如我可以在图层面板中选择鱼的图层，改变不透明度到32%。这样鱼就成了半透明的状态，红色轮廓上可以直接看到后面的海景。","b":false,"xe":"For example, I can select the fish layer in the Layers panel and set its opacity to 32% — the fish becomes semi-transparent, with the seascape showing through its red outline."},{"t":"img","f":"img-09","w":640,"h":377},{"t":"p","x":"我也可以Ctrl＋T对鱼图层进行单独的拉伸、放大、旋转等变形，而底下的背景丝毫不受影响。","b":false,"xe":"I can also press Ctrl+T to stretch, scale, or rotate the fish layer alone, while the background below remains completely unaffected."},{"t":"img","f":"img-10","w":640,"h":508},{"t":"p","x":"甚至我还可以用移动工具，把鱼移动到天上，变成“飞鱼”。。。","b":false,"xe":"I can even use the Move tool to move the fish into the sky — a \"flying fish\"..."},{"t":"img","f":"img-11","w":640,"h":314},{"t":"p","x":"或者把红鱼变成黄鱼。。。等等这些操作，都是因为鱼和海景分别在不同的图层，互不影响才成为了可能。","b":false,"xe":"or turn the red fish yellow... All these operations are possible only because the fish and the seascape live on separate, independent layers."},{"t":"img","f":"img-12","w":640,"h":361},{"t":"p","x":"在图层面板下方点击“图层蒙版”图标即可对图层建立图层蒙版。蒙板顾名思义，就像蒙在所在图层上一样，蒙板的白色部分会让该图层的相应部分变得不透明，从而显示出该图层的画面。蒙板的黑色部分会让该图层的相应部分变成完全透明，所以下面图层的图像就显示了出来。蒙板的灰色部分，根据灰度不同让所在图层呈现出不同的半透明状态，最终的图像里显示出该图层和下面图层混合起来的效果。","b":false,"xe":"Click the Layer Mask icon at the bottom of the Layers panel to add a mask to a layer. As the name implies, a mask covers its layer: the white parts of the mask make the corresponding areas of the layer opaque, showing the layer's image; the black parts make the corresponding areas fully transparent, revealing the layers below; grey areas render the layer semi-transparent to varying degrees, blending it with what's below."},{"t":"p","x":"要让选定图层变得透明或者半透明，当然也可以直接用橡皮擦在图层涂抹。但是橡皮擦是破坏性的工具，直接抹除了图层里的像素，以后想修改就不可能了。而蒙板是和图层分开的，编辑蒙板并不会破坏图层，可以重新修改蒙板来改变图层透明不透明的部分，甚至删除蒙板让图层重新回到全显示的状态。","b":false,"xe":"To make a layer transparent or semi-transparent, you could of course just erase on it — but the eraser is destructive, permanently deleting pixels. A mask is separate from the layer: editing the mask never harms the layer, you can repaint the mask to change which parts are visible, and you can even delete the mask to restore the layer to full visibility."},{"t":"img","f":"img-13","w":469,"h":640},{"t":"p","x":"按住Alt键，同时鼠标单击蒙板，可以切换到蒙板的预览图。新建的蒙板默认是全白的，也就是当前图层完全不透明。","b":false,"xe":"Hold Alt and click the mask to switch to its preview. A new mask is all white by default — the current layer fully opaque."},{"t":"img","f":"img-14","w":640,"h":298},{"t":"p","x":"要编辑蒙板，要保证蒙板是在激活状态（鼠标单击蒙板就可以激活该蒙板），否则编辑的会是图层而不是蒙板。这里我直接拉一个由黑到白的渐变。","b":false,"xe":"To edit the mask, make sure it's active (click it once), otherwise you'll edit the layer instead of the mask. Here I'll drag a black-to-white gradient."},{"t":"img","f":"img-15","w":640,"h":311},{"t":"p","x":"按住Alt键，同时鼠标单击蒙板，重新回到图层预览状态。可以看到黑色蒙板作用的区域，当前纯红图层完全是透明的，下面的风景显露了出来。右边蒙板白色作用的区域，红色图层完全不透明。中间灰色蒙板作用区域则是半透明的状态。","b":false,"xe":"Hold Alt and click the mask again to return to the layer preview. Where the mask is black, the solid red layer is fully transparent and the landscape shows through; where the mask is white on the right, the red layer is fully opaque; the grey zone in between is semi-transparent."},{"t":"img","f":"img-16","w":640,"h":316},{"t":"p","x":"以上就是图层和蒙板的基础知识。在摄影后期中，我们主要会运用元素图层、效果图层和调整图层三种图层形态，结合蒙板对照片进行处理。","b":false,"xe":"Those are the basics of layers and masks. In photo post-processing, we mainly work with three layer types — element layers, effect layers, and adjustment layers — combined with masks."},{"t":"h","x":"2. 元素图层","xe":"2. Element Layers"},{"t":"p","x":"元素图层，就是在原图的基础上新增一些花鸟、人物、天空等等元素，大量运用于创意类和表达类的图片中。","b":false,"xe":"An element layer adds new elements — flowers, birds, people, skies — on top of the original image, widely used in creative and expressive work."},{"t":"p","x":"比如这里我有一张鸟的素材（透明背景的PNG图片）。","b":false,"xe":"Here, for instance, I have a bird asset (a PNG with a transparent background)."},{"t":"img","f":"img-17","w":640,"h":480},{"t":"p","x":"我直接用鼠标拖拽图片到PS中，飞鸟就以新图层的形式显示在了照片中，对飞鸟图层单独变型、移动、并添加一点冷色（Camera Raw滤镜减色温），飞鸟就较好的和背景融合在了一起。","b":false,"xe":"I simply drag the image into PS, and the bird appears as a new layer over the photo. Transforming and moving the bird layer on its own, then adding a touch of cool color (lowering the temp in the Camera Raw filter), blends the bird nicely into the background."},{"t":"img","f":"img-18","w":640,"h":309},{"t":"p","x":"如果我觉得鸟太多，就可以新建蒙板，用不透明度100%的黑色笔刷，擦掉不要的飞鸟。","b":false,"xe":"If I feel there are too many birds, I can add a mask and paint with a 100%-opacity black brush to wipe away the unwanted ones."},{"t":"img","f":"img-19","w":640,"h":303},{"t":"p","x":"蒙板的效果，只剩一只鸟了。","b":false,"xe":"The mask at work: only one bird remains."},{"t":"img","f":"img-20","w":640,"h":304},{"t":"p","x":"按住Shift键，同时点击蒙板，可以隐藏该蒙板，这样所有鸟又回来了。（再次Shift＋点击又可以重新应用蒙板）","b":false,"xe":"Hold Shift and click the mask to disable it — all the birds come back. (Shift-click again to re-enable the mask.)"},{"t":"img","f":"img-21","w":640,"h":302},{"t":"h","x":"3. 效果图层","xe":"3. Effect Layers"},{"t":"p","x":"效果图层，指的是在原图层的基础上，应用模糊、锐化、加清晰度等等PS中的滤镜，或者Color Efex Pro 4中的详细提取、色调对比等等滤镜，改变照片的效果。","b":false,"xe":"An effect layer applies filters on top of the base layer — blur, sharpen, clarity, and other PS filters, or Detail Extractor, Tonal Contrast, and the like in Color Efex Pro 4 — to change the photo's look."},{"t":"p","x":"比如这张海景照片，我想让海水更柔滑。我在前面的基础上Ctrl＋Alt＋Shift＋E盖印可见图层（生成一个新图层，新图层画面为所有可见图层叠加在一起的效果）。在新图层上，我应用了Color Efex Pro4中的经典柔化滤镜，以及PS中的高斯模糊滤镜，整个照片都变朦胧了。","b":false,"xe":"Take this seascape: I want silkier water. Building on the previous steps, I press Ctrl+Alt+Shift+E to stamp visible layers (creating a new layer containing the merged look of all visible layers). On this new layer I apply Color Efex Pro 4's classic Glamour Glow filter plus PS's Gaussian Blur — and the whole photo turns dreamy."},{"t":"img","f":"img-22","w":640,"h":299},{"t":"p","x":"但是石头以及远处的天空，我还是想保持原来的清晰状态。","b":false,"xe":"But I want the rocks and the distant sky to stay sharp as before."},{"t":"img","f":"img-23","w":640,"h":430},{"t":"p","x":"所以新建蒙板，用黑色画笔，调整画笔大小、硬度和不透明度。","b":false,"xe":"So I add a mask and take a black brush, adjusting its size, hardness, and opacity."},{"t":"p","x":"（过渡区域看起来自然的关键就是要用低硬度和不透明度低笔刷多次慢慢的刷，而不是100%不透明的画笔一次性搞定。）","b":false,"xe":"(The key to natural-looking transitions is brushing slowly and repeatedly with low hardness and low opacity — never a single pass at 100% opacity.)"},{"t":"img","f":"img-24","w":640,"h":389},{"t":"p","x":"在蒙板上画出如下效果。","b":false,"xe":"Paint on the mask to get the following result."},{"t":"img","f":"img-25","w":640,"h":427},{"t":"p","x":"这样蒙板黑色作用的石头就重新完全清晰，灰色蒙板作用的原处天空有一点朦胧但又不至于像海水一样完全模糊。","b":false,"xe":"Now the rocks under the mask's black area are fully sharp again, while the sky under the grey area is slightly hazy without being as blurred as the water."},{"t":"img","f":"img-26","w":640,"h":301},{"t":"h","x":"4. 调整图层","xe":"4. Adjustment Layers"},{"t":"p","x":"“图像－调整”菜单下面有色阶、曲线、饱和度等等各种调整选项，可以调整图像的影调和色调。但是这些动作同样是有破坏性、不可撤销的，所以我们需要使用调整图层。","b":false,"xe":"The Image > Adjustments menu offers Levels, Curves, Saturation, and many other options for adjusting tone and color. But those actions are equally destructive and irreversible — so we use adjustment layers instead."},{"t":"img","f":"img-27","w":640,"h":581},{"t":"p","x":"在图层面板下面的第四个图标，点击就可以打开调整图层面板。这里新建的自然饱和度、曝光度等等都会以新的调整图层形式存在。之后如果我们对效果不满意，只需要重新调整这些调整图层就可以了。更重要的是，我们可以用蒙板结合调整图层，把调整效果局限在某一区域。","b":false,"xe":"Click the fourth icon at the bottom of the Layers panel to open the adjustment layer panel. New Vibrance, Exposure, and other adjustments all live as separate adjustment layers. If we're unhappy with the result later, we simply re-tune those layers. More importantly, masks can confine an adjustment layer's effect to a chosen area."},{"t":"img","f":"img-28","w":574,"h":640},{"t":"p","x":"这儿我新建一个曲线图层，压暗照片。","b":false,"xe":"Here I create a Curves layer to darken the photo,"},{"t":"img","f":"img-29","w":640,"h":296},{"t":"p","x":"接着建立蒙板，让压暗主要作用于照片边缘。","b":false,"xe":"then build a mask so the darkening mainly affects the edges."},{"t":"img","f":"img-30","w":640,"h":297},{"t":"p","x":"这样中间的石头由于没有被压暗，更加突出醒目。同时照片中的明暗对比也更加吸引人。","b":false,"xe":"Now the rock in the center, left undarkened, stands out more prominently — and the photo's light-dark contrast becomes more compelling."},{"t":"img","f":"img-31","w":640,"h":296},{"t":"p","x":"这样原来的海景照片，经过元素图层添加飞鸟，效果图层增加海水柔化程度，以及调整图层用曲线压暗四周，更加的有意境了。","b":false,"xe":"So the original seascape — with birds added via an element layer, silkier water via an effect layer, and edges darkened by curves on an adjustment layer — becomes far more evocative."},{"t":"img","f":"img-32","w":640,"h":425},{"t":"h","x":"本周总结","xe":"This Week's Summary"},{"t":"p","x":"图层和蒙板的核心意义，在于局部的模块化的处理照片，以及所带来的可撤销和可编辑性。","b":false,"xe":"The core value of layers and masks is local, modular editing of a photo, together with the undoability and re-editability they bring."},{"t":"p","x":"摄影后期中的图层，托马斯将它们分为了元素图层、效果图层和调整图层三类，分别对应了添加元素，添加特效和调整明度色彩。","b":false,"xe":"Thomas divides the layers used in post-processing into three types — element layers, effect layers, and adjustment layers — corresponding to adding elements, adding effects, and adjusting brightness and color."},{"t":"p","x":"蒙板作用在图层上，可以改变图层各个部分的不透明度。","b":false,"xe":"A mask acts on a layer, changing the opacity of its various parts."},{"t":"p","x":"当然图层和蒙板作为PS中的核心板块，还有很多其它的功能和知识点，这些只能在以后的教程中继续分享啦。","b":false,"xe":"Of course, as the core of PS, layers and masks have many more features and finer points — those will have to wait for future tutorials."},{"t":"img","f":"img-33","w":640,"h":491},{"t":"h","x":"我是@Thomas看看世界，每个周日晚上，分享一篇原创摄影干货。","xe":"I'm @Thomas Chu Photo — every Sunday evening, one original piece of practical photography knowledge."}],"titleEn":"The Foundation of Photoshop: Layers and Masks"}