{"slug":"six-blending-techniques","title":"现代风光摄影六大合成技术","author":"Thomas看看世界","date":"2018-02-25","wechat":"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzI4NDA5MzE5NQ==&mid=2247486553&idx=1&sn=172077c61e64bee4ca41329ee925a5f8&chksm=eb81f23ddcf67b2bdd2708df7fb71b3eeb3c8a18c12131aa7fc41aa75e03af4a70236e684253&scene=21#wechat_redirect","blocks":[{"t":"h","x":"Thomas看看世界","xe":"Thomas Chu Photo"},{"t":"p","x":"每周一篇干货，让摄影不再难学","b":false,"xe":"One piece of practical knowledge every week — making photography easy to learn"},{"t":"p","x":"一提到合成，人们总是会想到改天换地、无中生有的元素合成以及创意合成。但是现代风光摄影中所指的合成，更多是为了弥补前期器材的缺陷。","b":false,"xe":"When people hear 'compositing', they always think of element compositing and creative compositing that conjure things out of thin air. But in modern landscape photography, compositing more often serves to make up for the limitations of in-camera gear."},{"t":"p","x":"掌握了这些合成技术，你就不会再为没有超广角镜头、忘了带ND减光镜或者光比太大超过相机宽容度的情况所困扰了。","b":false,"xe":"Once you master these compositing techniques, you will no longer be troubled by not having an ultra-wide lens, forgetting your ND filter, or a contrast range beyond your camera's dynamic range."},{"t":"p","x":"现代风光摄影六大合成技术，指的是曝光合成、接片合成、景深合成、堆栈合成、焦段合成以及时间合成。","b":false,"xe":"The six major compositing techniques of modern landscape photography are exposure blending, panorama stitching, focus stacking, image stacking, focal-length blending and time blending."},{"t":"p","x":"其中前4种合成已经被很多风光类比赛广泛认可，属于弥补前期器材局限的合成。焦段合成和时间合成，则属于弥补拍摄现场的不足，对原场景有所改变，还有不少争议，更多应用于网络发表的作品中。","b":false,"xe":"The first four are widely accepted by landscape photography competitions — they make up for equipment limitations. Focal-length blending and time blending make up for shortcomings of the scene itself and alter the original scene, so they remain controversial and are mostly used in work published online."},{"t":"h","x":"1","xe":"1"},{"t":"h","x":"曝光合成","xe":"Exposure Blending"},{"t":"p","x":"曝光合成主要应用于大光比环境，克服相机宽容度不足，照片要么过曝，要么就欠曝的遗憾。","b":false,"xe":"Exposure blending is mainly used in high-contrast environments to overcome insufficient camera dynamic range — the regret of a photo being either overexposed or underexposed."},{"t":"p","x":"我们拍摄一组从暗到亮的包围曝光照片，就可以记录下环境中的全部亮度信息，后期再合成为一张曝光均匀的照片。","b":false,"xe":"By shooting a bracketed series from dark to bright, we record all the brightness information of the scene, and later blend it into one evenly exposed photo."},{"t":"img","f":"img-03","w":1000,"h":498},{"t":"p","x":"上面3张照片分别为曝光补偿-4档，-2档和正常曝光拍摄。正常曝光的一张照片记录下了冰块的暗部细节，而另外2张欠曝的照片，则记录下了高亮的云层细节。","b":false,"xe":"The three photos above were shot at -4 EV, -2 EV and normal exposure compensation. The normally exposed one records the dark detail of the ice, while the two underexposed ones record the detail of the bright clouds."},{"t":"p","x":"3张照片用ACR的HDR合成，或者用亮度蒙版合成，就可以得到一张场景细节完整的照片。","b":false,"xe":"Blend the three photos with ACR's HDR merge or with luminosity masks, and you get a photo with complete detail throughout the scene."},{"t":"img","f":"img-04","w":667,"h":1000},{"t":"p","x":"关于曝光合成的详细细节，可以阅读教程《再大光比也不用怕 - 包围曝光与曝光合成技术详解》《HDR=画面失真？本文教你HDR的正确使用方式》","b":false,"xe":"For more details on exposure blending, read the tutorials 'No Fear of High Contrast: Bracketing and Exposure Blending Explained' and 'HDR = Distorted Images? This Article Teaches You the Right Way to Use HDR'."},{"t":"h","x":"2","xe":"2"},{"t":"h","x":"接片合成","xe":"Panorama Stitching"},{"t":"p","x":"接片合成又叫全景合成，主要用于拍摄宏大的风光场面。","b":false,"xe":"Panorama stitching is mainly used to capture grand landscape scenes."},{"t":"p","x":"在下图这种情况下，广角镜头单张拍摄显得捉襟见肘，而且后期还要上下裁剪损失像素。而使用接片拍摄，不仅可以记录下整个近180度的火山风光，还能得到高清的大幅图片。","b":false,"xe":"In the situation below, a single wide-angle shot falls short, and cropping top and bottom in post costs pixels. Shooting for a stitch not only records the entire volcanic landscape of nearly 180 degrees, but also yields a high-resolution large image."},{"t":"p","x":"本图接片采用竖构图，以取得更高像素和更小畸变，每张重叠约40%。","b":false,"xe":"This stitch uses vertical frames for higher resolution and less distortion, with about 40% overlap between frames."},{"t":"img","f":"img-05","w":1000,"h":667},{"t":"p","x":"使用ACR自带的接片功能，然后再进行调色，就可以取得下图的震撼效果。","b":false,"xe":"Using ACR's built-in panorama feature and then color grading gives the stunning result below."},{"t":"img","f":"img-06","w":1000,"h":515},{"t":"p","x":"接片不仅仅可以单排接片，还可以多排拍摄并衔接。比如下面一组无人机拍摄的照片，拍完上面4张的第一排后，我控制镜头往下，继续拍摄了第二排的4张。这样我接片的时候不仅有左右接片，还有上下接片。","b":false,"xe":"Stitching is not limited to a single row — you can shoot multiple rows and join them. In the drone shots below, after shooting the first row of four frames, I tilted the camera down and shot a second row of four, so my stitch covers both left-right and top-bottom."},{"t":"img","f":"img-07","w":1000,"h":395},{"t":"p","x":"当然，无论是单排还是多排，ACR的接片工具都可以帮我们自动完成，操作都非常简单。","b":false,"xe":"Whether single-row or multi-row, ACR's stitching tool does it automatically, and the operation is very simple."},{"t":"img","f":"img-08","w":1000,"h":574},{"t":"p","x":"更多关于接片的详细操作，可以阅读教程《超越广角 - 全景接片的魅力》《如何用接片拍出震撼的全景照片》《如何用PS/LR拼接高质量的全景照片》","b":false,"xe":"For more detailed stitching operations, read 'Beyond Wide Angle: The Charm of Panorama Stitching', 'How to Shoot Stunning Panoramas with Stitching' and 'How to Stitch High-Quality Panoramas in PS/LR'."},{"t":"h","x":"3","xe":"3"},{"t":"h","x":"景深合成","xe":"Focus Stacking"},{"t":"p","x":"风光摄影中，我们常常需要同时拍入前景、中景、后景。当前景距离我们较近时，无论是小光圈，还是超焦距，都难以把前中后景全部拍摄清晰，此时就需要用到景深合成技术。","b":false,"xe":"In landscape photography we often need foreground, midground and background in one frame. When the foreground is close, neither a small aperture nor hyperfocal focusing can keep everything sharp — that's when focus stacking is needed."},{"t":"p","x":"比如下面这种情况，如果我对准前景花朵对焦，则远处雪山模糊（左图）。如果我对远处雪山对焦，则近处花朵虚化（右图）。因此我难以单张获得足够的景深，只能对前中后景分别对焦，再后期合成。","b":false,"xe":"In the situation below, if I focus on the foreground flowers, the distant snow mountain blurs (left). If I focus on the distant mountain, the nearby flowers blur (right). Since a single frame can't achieve enough depth of field, I can only focus on foreground, midground and background separately and blend them in post."},{"t":"img","f":"img-09","w":1000,"h":735},{"t":"p","x":"下图为多张景深合成，并进一步裁剪调色后的效果，从最近的花朵到远处的雪山云层，无不清晰锐利。","b":false,"xe":"The image below shows the result of multi-frame focus stacking, further cropped and graded — everything from the nearest flower to the distant snow-capped clouds is tack sharp."},{"t":"img","f":"img-10","w":702,"h":1000},{"t":"p","x":"更多关于景深合成的详细操作，可以阅读教程《突破相机极限 - 景深合成摄影教程》。","b":false,"xe":"For more details on focus stacking, read 'Breaking Camera Limits: A Focus Stacking Tutorial'."},{"t":"h","x":"4","xe":"4"},{"t":"h","x":"堆栈合成","xe":"Image Stacking"},{"t":"p","x":"堆栈指的是把多张照片，按照一定的算法堆叠到一起，从而起到降噪、去除移动杂物、模拟慢门、以及生成光轨的作用。","b":false,"xe":"Stacking means piling multiple photos together with a certain algorithm to reduce noise, remove moving clutter, simulate long exposure, and create light trails."},{"t":"p","x":"风光摄影中，常见的堆栈方法又分为平均值堆栈，中间值堆栈和最大值堆栈。比如下面就是一组星轨的照片，每张的星轨长度比较短。","b":false,"xe":"In landscape photography, common stacking methods include mean stacking, median stacking and maximum stacking. Below is a set of star-trail photos, each with rather short trails."},{"t":"img","f":"img-11","w":1000,"h":707},{"t":"p","x":"但是如果我使用最大值堆栈，把多张短的星轨合成到一起，就可以得到一张长轨迹的星轨。","b":false,"xe":"But with maximum stacking, combining many short trails gives me one long star trail."},{"t":"img","f":"img-12","w":1000,"h":665},{"t":"p","x":"关于星轨、车轨的合成，可以阅读教程《如何拍出漂亮的夜景车轨照片》。","b":false,"xe":"For stacking star trails and car trails, read 'How to Shoot Beautiful Night Car-Trail Photos'."},{"t":"p","x":"除了最大值堆栈之外，我们还可以用平均值堆栈模拟慢门，用中间值堆栈去除噪点和运动的杂物。","b":false,"xe":"Besides maximum stacking, we can use mean stacking to simulate long exposure, and median stacking to remove noise and moving clutter."},{"t":"h","x":"5","xe":"5"},{"t":"h","x":"焦段合成","xe":"Focal-Length Blending"},{"t":"p","x":"我们在现场感受的时候，常常会觉得远山很震撼，天上的月亮很大，但当我们拍照回到家，却会发现由于广角镜头近大远小的透视效果，远山显得很小，月亮更是变成了一个小点。","b":false,"xe":"When we are on location, distant mountains often feel stunning and the moon looks huge — but back home we find that, due to the wide-angle lens's perspective, the mountains look small and the moon is just a dot."},{"t":"p","x":"在这种情况下，我们就可以尝试焦段合成。焦段合成又叫透视合成，顾名思义，就是用不同的焦段拍摄画面中不同的景物，再后期合成到一张照片中。","b":false,"xe":"In such cases we can try focal-length blending, also called perspective blending: as the name suggests, shoot different elements of the frame with different focal lengths, then blend them into one photo in post."},{"t":"p","x":"比如下面一个场景，我就使用广角拍摄的前景冰面，此时由于广角透视，远处的雪山显得十分的渺小（左图）。因此我又用中焦焦段拍摄了一张远山（右图）。中焦拍摄的雪山就显得霸气多了，更加符合人眼在现场观看的感觉，但是前景则缺少透视感。","b":false,"xe":"In the scene below, I shot the foreground ice with a wide angle — and because of wide-angle perspective, the distant snow mountain looks tiny (left). So I shot the distant mountain again with a medium telephoto (right). The mountain from the medium focal length looks far more majestic, closer to how the human eye perceives it on site, though the foreground lacks perspective depth."},{"t":"img","f":"img-13","w":1000,"h":742},{"t":"p","x":"下面一张图片，是我用蒙版融合了广角的前景和中焦的远山而生成的，既有透视夸张的前景冰面，又有宏大雄伟的远景雪山，这就是透视合成的神奇作用。","b":false,"xe":"The image below was created by masking together the wide-angle foreground and the telephoto mountain — it has both the dramatically exaggerated foreground ice and the grand distant snow mountain. That is the magic of perspective blending."},{"t":"img","f":"img-14","w":713,"h":1000},{"t":"p","x":"当然透视合成不同于前面的4种合成，已经不属于弥补器材的不足，而且很容易被滥用，属于风光摄影中的“大尺度”后期。","b":false,"xe":"Of course, perspective blending differs from the previous four techniques: it no longer merely compensates for gear, and it is easily abused — it counts as 'heavy' post-processing in landscape photography."},{"t":"h","x":"6","xe":"6"},{"t":"h","x":"时间合成","xe":"Time Blending"},{"t":"p","x":"大家在拍摄城市的时候常常遇到一个烦恼，晚霞漫天的时候街道还没有亮灯，天空好看但城市很平淡。等晚上灯光全部亮起来之后，天空却已经变得漆黑一片，毫无细节。","b":false,"xe":"When shooting cities, we often face this frustration: when the sunset glow fills the sky, the streets haven't lit up yet — beautiful sky but a dull city. By the time all the lights come on at night, the sky has gone pitch black with no detail at all."},{"t":"p","x":"时间合成就可以解决我们的这个烦恼。时间合成，就是保证构图机位不动（相机一般放在三脚架上），在不同的时间拍摄多张照片，然后取不同时间的精华部分合成到一起。因为我们的构图一直没变，所以合成的时候也比较容易。","b":false,"xe":"Time blending solves this. It means keeping the composition and camera position fixed (usually on a tripod), shooting multiple photos at different times, and then blending the best parts of each time together. Since the composition never changes, blending is relatively easy."},{"t":"p","x":"比如下面这个例子，我就用6张同一机位不同时间的照片，合成为一张绚烂的夜景。","b":false,"xe":"In the example below, I blended six photos taken from the same spot at different times into one splendid night scene."},{"t":"p","x":"第一张照片拍摄于日落后不久，此时天空中的云很好看。这张照片整体曝光比较合理，而且桥上没有行人。但是缺点是水面不够平静。","b":false,"xe":"The first photo was taken shortly after sunset, when the clouds in the sky looked great. Its overall exposure is reasonable and there are no pedestrians on the bridge — but the water surface is not calm enough."},{"t":"img","f":"img-15","w":1000,"h":664},{"t":"p","x":"因此我又拍摄了第二张照片，曝光时间更长，让水面更加梦幻平静，同时还意外的拍下了一段桥上的车流。","b":false,"xe":"So I shot a second photo with a longer exposure to make the water dreamy and calm — and unexpectedly captured a stream of car lights on the bridge."},{"t":"img","f":"img-16","w":1000,"h":664},{"t":"p","x":"前面两张照片，远处有些灯光过曝了，因此我还欠曝拍摄一张，取下画面中的高亮部分细节。","b":false,"xe":"In the first two photos, some distant lights were overexposed, so I also shot an underexposed frame to capture the highlight detail."},{"t":"img","f":"img-17","w":1000,"h":664},{"t":"p","x":"其实前面3张照片，还只能算是曝光合成的范畴，之后我把相机放在三脚架上，又等了一个小时。","b":false,"xe":"Actually, the first three photos still belong to exposure blending. After that, I left the camera on the tripod and waited another hour."},{"t":"p","x":"为什么我要继续等待呢？这是因为入夜之后，游客会到酒店休息，远处的酒店亮灯房间更多。","b":false,"xe":"Why keep waiting? Because after nightfall, tourists return to their hotels, and more rooms light up in the distant hotel."},{"t":"img","f":"img-18","w":1000,"h":664},{"t":"p","x":"而且每天晚上8点之后，这里还会举行灯光表演。虽然此时天空和水面都是漆黑一片，但是没有问题。因为我前面已经拍好了入夜前的天空和水面。","b":false,"xe":"And every night after 8pm, a light show is held here. The sky and water are pitch black at that point — no problem, because I had already captured the pre-nightfall sky and water."},{"t":"img","f":"img-19","w":1000,"h":664},{"t":"p","x":"灯光秀千变万化，前期我只能多拍摄，后面再选出我想合成进去的灯光。","b":false,"xe":"The light show changes constantly, so all I could do was shoot a lot and later select the lights I wanted to blend in."},{"t":"img","f":"img-20","w":1000,"h":664},{"t":"p","x":"最后我把这6张照片导入图层之中，用蒙版和图层混合的方式进行融合，每个时间段都只取它的精华部分。","b":false,"xe":"Finally I loaded the six photos as layers and blended them with masks and blend modes, taking only the best part of each time period."},{"t":"img","f":"img-21","w":1000,"h":476},{"t":"p","x":"最后才生成了下面这张绚丽的夜景图。蓝蓝的天空，平静的水面，绚烂的灯光，这个场景在现实中是不可能同时存在的。但是我用时间合成的魔法，把不同时间的各个画面融合到一起，就得到了一张别具一格的照片。","b":false,"xe":"That is how the splendid night scene below was born: blue sky, calm water, gorgeous lights — a combination that cannot exist simultaneously in reality. But with the magic of time blending, I fused frames from different times into a truly distinctive photo."},{"t":"img","f":"img-22","w":1000,"h":671},{"t":"p","x":"时间合成还广泛应用于星空摄影中。我们在拍摄银河时，地面经常漆黑一片。","b":false,"xe":"Time blending is also widely used in astrophotography. When we shoot the Milky Way, the ground is often pitch black."},{"t":"p","x":"如果在蓝调时刻（太阳落山天空是蓝色，还没全黑时）拍摄地景，保持机位不动，晚上再拍摄银河。","b":false,"xe":"If you shoot the foreground at blue hour (when the sun has set and the sky is blue but not yet fully dark), keep the camera position fixed, and shoot the Milky Way later at night,"},{"t":"p","x":"然后用时间合成的方法，我们就可以得到一张地景清晰、同时星空璀璨的大片了。","b":false,"xe":"then with time blending we can get a masterpiece with a clear foreground and a brilliant starry sky at the same time."},{"t":"img","f":"img-23","w":668,"h":1000},{"t":"p","x":"本文内容，节选自托马斯即将出版的新书《风光摄影后期基础》，大家敬请期待哦~","b":false,"xe":"This article is excerpted from Thomas's upcoming book 'The Fundamentals of Landscape Photography Post-Processing' — stay tuned!"},{"t":"img","f":"img-24","w":745,"h":1000},{"t":"h","x":"欢迎关注@Thomas看看世界，","xe":"Follow @Thomas Chu Photo,"},{"t":"h","x":"每周学会一个摄影技能。","xe":"and learn one photography skill every week."}],"titleEn":"Six Major Blending Techniques in Modern Landscape Photography"}